Determination of Proper Mix Design for Cement-Treated Base Containing High Volume of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD of Highway and Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.

3 MSc. of Highway and Transportation Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.

4 PhD Student, Highway and Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

In recent decades, using recycled asphalt materials in pavements is considered by researchers due to their economical costs. The purpose of this laboratory experiment is to introduce optimum mix design including suitable grading limits of the mixture, moisture formula for estimation of the amount of water needed for compaction and finally investigating the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of different cement-treated base mixtures and determination of optimum RAP content and cement with lowest construction cost. For this purpose, first, grading properties of different materials and RAP were determined and proper grading was selected. For studying the compaction characteristics and determining optimum moisture content, 12 different mixture designs, as a combination of 4 RAP percentage (0, 40, 60 and 80) and 3 cement content (3, 5 and 7 percent) were constructed. Then, 15×30 cm cylindrical samples were constructed to investigate UCS properties at optimum moisture content. Results showed that grading limits in Iran's Road Bulletin No. 101 could be the main reference for cement treated base (CTB) mixtures containing RAP materials. Also, modeling results of optimum moisture content indicated that by adding more recycled asphalt materials to the mixture would increase optimum moisture content and reduce maximum dry density. The UCS tests undertaken on 7-day cured samples at 25 0C indicated that by increasing the RAP materials to the treated mixture would decrease UCS of the samples. The pavement containing 68% of reclaimed asphalt and treated with 5% cement was the most economical mixture considering the 3.8 Mpa limit of UCS index. Finally, it could be expected that instead of compacting the samples with standard hammer, 60 seconds of vibration compression may be used

Keywords

References

دفتر تدوین ضوابط و معیارهای فنی. 1382. "مشخصات فنی عمومی راه". نشریه 101 سازمان مدیریت و برنامه­ریزی کشور، تجدید نظر اول، معاونت امور فنی.
شیخ سندیانی، ش. 1385. "روش­های بازیافت سرد و گرم آسفالت و امکان­سنجی اقتصادی آن در ایران". وزارت راه و ترابری، معاونت آموزش، تحقیقات و فناوری، پژوهشکده حمل­ونقل.
معاونت برنامه­ریزی و نظارت راهبردی رئیس جمهور. 1390. "آیین­نامه روسازی آسفالتی راه­های ایران". نشریه شماره 234، وزارت راه و شهرسازی، مؤسسه قیر و آسفالت ایران، پژوهشکده حمل­ونقل.
Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association. 2001. “Basic Asphalt Recycling Manual”.  Publ. NHI 01-022, Annapolis, Maryland.
ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials, ASTM D-2940. 2003. “Standard Specification for Graded Aggregate Material for Bases or Subbases for Highways or Airports”.
ASTM Volume 04-08, ASTM D4318- 10e1. 2010. “Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils”.
ASTM Volume 04-03, ASTM D2172/ D2172M-11. 2011. “Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving Mixtures”.
ASTM Volume 04-08, ASTM D1557-12. 2012. “Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)).
ASTM Volume 04-03, ASTM C192/C192M-13. 2013. “Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory”.     
ASTM Volume 04-02, ASTM C136/C136M. 2014. “Standard Test Methods for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates”.
Bloomquist, D., Diamond, G., Oden, M., Ruth, B. and Tia, M. 1993. “Engineering and environmental aspects of recycling materials for highway construction”. Federal Highway Administration and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report No. FHWA-RD-93-008, Washington, DC.
Edil, T. B. 2011. “Specifications and recommendations for recycled materials used as unbound base course”. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Garber, S., Rasmussen, R. O. and Harrington, D. 2011. “Guide to cement-based integrated pavement solutions”. Iowa State University, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, and Portland Cement Association.
Garg, N. and Thompson, M. 1996. “Lincoln avenue reclaimed asphalt pavement base project”. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1547-13.
Guthrie, W., Cooley, D. and Eggett, D. 2005. “Effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement on mechanical properties of base materials”. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2005-06.
Hanks, A. J. and Magni, E. R. 1989. “The use of recovered bituminous and concrete materials in granular base and earth”. Report MI-137, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Downsview, ON, Canada.
Kang, D. H., Gupta, S. C., Ranaivoson, A. Z., Siekmeier, J. and Roberson, R. 2010. “Recycled materials as substitutes for virgin aggregates in road construction: I. Hydraulic and mechanical characteristics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75(4): 1265-1275.
McGarrah, E. J. 2007. “Evaluation of current practices of reclaimed asphalt pavement/virgin aggregate as base course material”. Washington State Department of Transportation, WA-RD 713.1.
National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA). 1977. “Hot recycling of yesterday". Recycling Report, Volume 1, No. 2, Lanham, Maryland.
Newcomb, D. E., Ray Brown, E. and Epps, J. A. 2007. “Designing HMA mixture with high RAP content, a practical guide". National Pavement Association, Quality Improvement Series 124, Lanham, Maryland.
Senior, S. A., Szoke, S. I. and Rogers, C. A. 1994. “Ontario’s experience with reclaimed materials for use in aggregates”. International Road Federation Conference, Calgary, Alberta.
Taha, R., Ali, G., Basma, A. and Al-Turk, O. 1999. “Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate in road bases and subbases”. Transportation Research Record, 1652: 264-269.
Transportation Research Board (TRB). 1978. “Recycling materials for highways”. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice No. 54, Washington, DC.
Tolbert, J. C. 2014. “Effect of high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement on mechanical properties of cement- treated base material”. http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4217
US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 2010. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ publications/research/infrastructure/structures/97148/RAP 131.cfm, 15, April.
Van Til, C. J., McCullough, B. F., Vallerga, B. A. and Hicks, R. G. 1972. “NCHRP Report 128: Evaluation of AASHTO interim guides for design of pavement structures”. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). 2014. Construction Manual. Engineering and Regional Operations.
Wu, M. 2011. “Evaluation of high percentage recycled asphalt pavement as base course materials”. MSc. Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University.
Yuan, D., Nazarian, S., Hoyos, L. R. and Puppala, A. J. 2010. “Cement treated RAP mixes for roadway bases”. Center for Transportation Research Systems, The University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, and Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Texas.
 

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 18 January 2016
  • Revise Date: 09 June 2017
  • Accept Date: 18 September 2016

Share

How to cite

Statistics