Centrifuge modeling of underground tunnels and shallow foundations subjected to reverse fault rupture

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

2 Director of Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Alaodoleh Semnani Institute of Higher Education, Garmsar, Iran

Abstract

Due to the problems and high cost of real-scale experimental studies and on the other hand, the ability of small-scale models in geotechnical centrifuges to establish physical similarity and take into account the real stresses in the model for a correct understanding of deformations and rupture mechanisms, major experimental studies on the phenomenon of surface faulting has been done using by geotechnical centrifuge. In this research, the concept of physical modeling with a geotechnical centrifuge, scale rules, constraints, and sources of error in simulating the interaction of dip‐slip fault with underground tunnels and shallow foundations are investigated. Finally, by minimizing modeling errors, the interaction of reverse fault with underground tunnels, as critical transport infrastructure, and the shallow foundation is simulated. The results showed that in reverse fault propagation in sandy soil when the rupture reaches the surface, its dip angle decreases, and at the ground surface, shear ruptures and tension cracks are created which can damage structures and infrastructures. The presence of the tunnel in the rupture path causes the fault rupture path to change and the fault rupture zone to increase at the ground surface, which can affect the performance of surface structures and buried structures adjacent to the tunnel. In the propagation of reverse fault rupture, the presence of the surface structure on fault outcrop, overburden pressure due to the structure, causes the rupture path to deviate to the right corner of the foundation and the structure to rotate. Besides, on the right side of the foundation, a fault scarp was observed, which was consistent with field observations in previous earthquakes with surface fault rupture.

Keywords

References

Ashtiani, M., Ghalandarzadeh, A. and Towhata, I. 2016. “Centrifuge modeling of shallow embedded foundations subjected to reverse fault rupture”. Can. Geotech. J., 52(1): 1–15.
Baziar, M. H., Nabizadeh, A. and Jabbari, M. 2014a. “Numerical modeling of interaction between dip-slip fault and shallow foundation”. Bull. Earthq. Eng., 13(6): 1613-1632.
Baziar, M. H., Nabizadeh, A., Lee, C. J. and Hung, W. Y. 2014b. “Centrifuge modeling of interaction between reverse faulting and tunnel”. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 65: 151-164.
Bird, J. F., Bommer, J. J., Crowley, H. and Pinho, R. 2006. “Modeling liquefaction-induced building damage in earthquake loss estimation”. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 26(1): 15-30.
Bjerrum, L. W., Atakan, K. and Sørensen, M. B. 2010. “Reconnaissance report and preliminary ground motion simulation of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake”. Bull. Earthq. Eng., 8(6): 1569-1601.
Bransby, M. F., Davies, M. C. R., El Nahas, A. and Nagaoka, S. 2008. “Centrifuge modeling of reverse fault–foundation interaction”. Bull. Earthq. Eng., 6(4): 607-628.
Bray, J. D. 2001. “Developing mitigation measures for the hazards associated with earthquake surface fault rupture”. In: Workshop on Seismic Fault-induced Failures. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, University of Tokyo, pp. 55-80.
Cai, Q. P., Peng, J. M, Ng, C.W. W., Shi, J. W. and Chen, X. X. 2019. “Centrifuge and numerical modelling of tunnel intersected by normal fault rupture in sand”. Comput. Geotech., 111: 137-146.
Dowding, C. H. and Rozen, A. 1978. “Damage to rock tunnels from earthquake shaking”. J. Geotech. Eng. Div., ASCE, 104(GT2): 175-191.
Garnier, J., Gaudin, C., Springman, S. M., Culligan, P. J., Goodings, D., Konig, D., Kutter, B., Phillips, R., Randolph, M.F. and Thorel, L. 2007. “Catalogue of scaling laws and similitude questions in centrifuge modelling”. Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech., 7(3): 1-24.
Ghavami, S., Saeedi Azizkandi, A., Baziar, M. H. and Jahanbakhsh, H. 2019a. “Numerical study on interaction of normal fault with underground tunnels”. J. Transport. Infrastruct. Eng., 5(4): 1-12.
Ghavami, S., Saeedi Azizkandi, A., Baziar, M. H. and Rajabi, M. 2019b. “Interaction of underground tunnel and existing shallow foundations affected by normal faults”. 8th International Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering.
Kiyota, T., Ikeda, T., Konagai, K. and Shiga, M. 2017. “Geotechnical damage caused by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan”. Int. J. Geoengin. Case Histories, 4(2): 78-95.
Kramer, S. L. 1996. “Geotechnical earthquake engineering”. Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Lin, M. L., Chung, C. F. and Jeng, F. S. 2006. “Deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust fault slip”. Eng. Geol., 88: 70-89.
Lin, M. L., Chung, C. F., Jeng, F. S. and Yao, T. C. 2007. “The deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust faulting and its impact on underground tunnels”. Eng. Geol., 92: 110-132.
Sabagh, M. and Ghalandarzadeh, A. 2020a. “Centrifuge experiments for shallow tunnels at active reverse fault intersection”. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 14: 731-745.
Sabagh, M. and Ghalandarzadeh, A. 2020b. “Centrifugal modeling of continuous shallow tunnels at active normal faults intersection”. Transport. Geotech., 22: 100325.
Saeedi Azizkandi, A., Baziar, M. H., Ghavami, S. and Heidari Hasanaklou, S. 2021. “Use of vertical and inclined walls to mitigate the interaction of reverse faulting and shallow foundations: Centrifuge tests and numerical simulation”. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 147(2): 04020155.
Saeedi Azizkandi, A., Ghavami, S., Baziar, M. H. and Heidari Hasanaklou, S. 2019. “Assessment of damages in fault rupture–shallow foundation interaction due to the existence of underground structures”. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 89: 222-237.
Taylor, R. N. 2005. “Geotechnical centrifuge technology”. Taylor & Francis, London, 326 p.
T‌e‌h‌r‌a‌n‌i‌z‌a‌d‌e‌h, M. and M‌o‌r‌a‌d‌i S‌h‌a‌g‌h‌a‌g‌h‌i, M. 2017. “Investigation on the effects of foundation stiffness on surface fault rupture in reverse dip-slip faults”. Sharif J. Civ. Eng., 33.2(2.2): 61-67
White, D. J., Take, W. A. and Bolton, M. D. 2003. “Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry”. Géotech., 53(7): 619-631.
Yu, G., Xu, X., Klinger, Y., Diao, G., Chen, G., Feng, X., Li, C., Zhu, A., Yuan, R., Guo, T., Sun, X., Tan, X. and An, Y. 2010. “Fault-scarp features and cascading-rupture model for the Wenchuan earthquake (MW=7.9), eastern Tibetan Plateau, China”. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100 (5B): 2590-2614.
Yu, H., Chen, J., Bobet, A. and Yuan, Y. 2016. “Damage observation and assessment of the Longxi tunnel during the Wenchuan earthquake”. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 54: 102-116.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 07 February 2021
  • Revise Date: 06 March 2021
  • Accept Date: 31 March 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics